Classical Conditioning And Its Effects On The Environment

Classical Conditioning focuses on stimuli in the environment, such as noise, light, shock, and taste of food, that automatically evoke reflex responses. These stimuli are known as unconditioned stimuli, while the responses they elicit are known as respondents, which are often involuntary or automatic seeing as the individual has no control over them. An example of a respondent would be an individual exhibiting a startle reaction in response to a loud noise. A conditioned stimulus, or a neutral stimulus, can become associated with an unconditioned stimulus that evokes the response and if the two are presented simultaneously, the conditioned stimulus alone will eventually evoke the response. In classical conditioning, a new stimulus gains the ability to evoke a respondent behavior within the individual (Craighead, Criaghead, Kazdin, Mahoney, 1994). Aversion Therapy is an example classical conditioning. This type of therapy has been used clinically on patients who exhibit inappropriate sexual desires, or who have committed criminal acts involving molestation. An example of this form of classical conditioning can be seen in a study that was conducted by Rice, Quinsey and Harris which investigated sexual recidivism among child molesters through the use of a laboratory-based aversion therapy designed to alter sexual age preferences (Rice, Quinsey, Harris, 1991). The study examined 153 subjects, all males who, upon admission to a maximum security psychiatric institution, hadShow MoreRelatedA Study on Operant and Classical Conditioning1477 Words   |  6 PagesOperant and Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning best explains reflective responding that is largely controlled by stimuli preceding the response, while operant conditioning is the kind of learning influenced by stimulus events that follow the responses. (Weiten). In operant conditioning, reinforcement is defined as after the fact. Reinforcement follows a response and increases tendency to make the response. In classical conditioning, the reinforcement comes before the response is madeRead MoreEssay Operant Conditioning1743 Words   |  7 PagesPavlov Classical conditioning is a method used in behavioral studies. It is known as classical because it is the first study of laws of learning/conditioning, It is a learned reaction that you do when evoked by a stimulus. Ivan Pavlov was the scientist who discovered classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was born in Russia. He lived from 1849 - 1936 . Pavlov’s field of study was physiology and natural science. One of Pavlov’s discoveries was the conditioning of dogs. While workingRead MoreThe Behavioral Theory Of Classical Conditioning And The Cognitive Theory1194 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This study will compare and contrast the behavioral theory of classical conditioning and the cognitive theory of cocial cognitive. Both are theories that have been well investigated to produce an outcome of effective learning. This study will examine the conditions of learning from both theories and ague their differences as well as their similarities. Evidence will be present on both sides to support this thesis claims on conditions, similarities and differences. This study will focusRead MoreThe Effect of Conditioned Stimulus (Light Intensity) on Movement Ratio1033 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effect of Conditioned Stimulus (Light Intensity) on Movement Ratio Innate or instinctive behaviors are thought to be inherited behavioral responses to a particular event or stimulus (e.g., modal action pattern). A reflexive response could be characterized as an involuntary response pertaining to a specific stimulus, for example dust irritating the nasal passageway eliciting a sneeze. The concept of the reflex was described in the works of Renà © Descartes who was influential in our understandingRead More Learning Behavior Essays707 Words   |  3 Pagesoutwardly observable behaviors and environmental events, rather than mental processes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classical conditioning is a process of learning associations between stimuli used by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In classical conditioning, a stimulus causes an existing behavior to occur. Pavlov used classical conditioning to study dog salivation. A ringing bell was used as a neutral stimulus. During the conditioning the bell is repeatedly sounded immediately before the food is placed in front of the dogRead MoreClassical and Operant Conditioning on Phobias and Addictions1331 Words   |  5 PagesClassical and operant conditioning on phobias and addictions Introduction Phobia in clinical psychology context is an irrational fear of something or situation. The person suffering from phobia will try their best to avoid their phobia. In the extreme case that the person suffering from the phobia cannot avoid it, they will attempt to endure through the situation with a lot of distress ADDIN EN.CITE Swanson1986158(Swanson, 1986)15815817Swanson, Guy E.Phobias and Related Symptoms: Some Social SourcesSociologicalRead MoreEssay about Implicit Attitude Formation Through Classical Conditioning964 Words   |  4 PagesPSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article IMPLICIT ATTITUDE FORMATION THROUGH CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Michael A. Olson and Russell H. Fazio Indiana University Abstract-We sought to demonstrate that attitudes can develop through implicit covariation detection in a new classical conditioning paradigm. In two experiments purportedly about surveillance and vigilance. participants viewed several hundred randomly presented words and images interspersed with critical pairings ofvalenced unconditioned Read MoreBehaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesstimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentioned, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviors. This includes Thorndike’s theory of connectionism, Pavlov’s classical conditioning and the well-known conditioning theory from Skinner—the operant conditioning model. However, many researchers did not like the one-size fits all explanation of behaviorism. Cognitivism grew in response to behaviorism in an effort to better understand the mental processes behindRead MorePsychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior1013 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching the digestive systems of dogs and led him to the discovery of classical condition, a way to modify behaviors using conditioned responses. Pavlovs views intrigued American John Watson, who pushed the idea forw ard in up through the 1950s. Building on these theories, but amending the model with the effects of punishment and reward, B.F. Skinners work had a revolutionary effect on behaviorism, now called operant conditioning (Shiraev, 2010, pp. 246-54). Learning Theory- Some say a logical reactionRead MorePhobias and Addictions Related to Classical and Operant Conditioning865 Words   |  4 PagesAddictions as Related to Classical and Operant Conditioning Introduction People can become conditioned to respond to various stimuli in positive and negative ways, including phobias and addictions. In order to better understand how stimuli elicit phobic or addictive responses, this paper provides a discussion concerning phobias and addictions as related to classical and operant conditioning, including explorations of how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning and how addictions can

The Woman Upstairs By Charlotte Bronte - 1357 Words

The Woman Upstairs is a novel that holds deep deception at its heart. Deception triggers and promotes Nora s anger ,it has shaped Nora s angry character from the very beginning . Nora has been deceived by her own-self ,her society and when she has found a family she could trust , they brutally betrayed her too.Even the title of the novel The Woman Upstairs is deceiving , one would immediately think of the madwoman in the attic, the 19th century’s best-known woman upstairs In Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Bertha Mason the protagonist is the first wife of the master of Thornfield Hall, who has shut her away and has opened the door to more than a hundred years of impassioned feminist criticism, â€Å"People don t want to worry about the Woman Upstairs†.(Bertha 95) To the contrary , Nora describes The Woman Upstairs as an unmarried school teacher who is approaching forty without having accomplished anything she set out to do ,causing the sparkle of suppressed passiv e anger from the early beginning of Nora s adult life .Like someone scratching an infected wound, Nora returns to the phrase â€Å"the woman upstairs† again and again: We’re not the madwomen in the attic ,they get lots of play, one way or another ,We’re the quiet woman at the end of the third-floor hallway, whose trash is always tidy, who smiles brightly in the stairwell with a cheerful greeting, and who, from behind closed doors, never makes a sound. In our lives of quiet desperation, the woman upstairsShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesIn Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre, the relationships Jane has with the male characters demonstrates her coming of age from dependence to independence because Jane begins by rebelling against John and Mr. Brocklehurst, she leaves Mr. Rochester, and denies St. John’s proposal. Jane’s acts of rebellion against John Reed shows that she is tired of being dependent on him and his family. Also, by showing signs of rebellion to Mr. Brocklehurst when she first is interviewed to see if the school Lowood is theRead More Comparing Jane Eyre an d Yellow Wallpaper1650 Words   |  7 PagesBetween Jane Eyre and Yellow Wallpaper   Ã‚   There are notable similarities between Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper and Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre. These similarities include the treatment of space, the use of a gothic tone with elements of realism, a sense of male superiority, and the mental instability of women. There is a similar treatment of space in the two works, with the larger, upstairs rooms at the summer lodging and at Thornfield Hall being associated with insanity andRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1714 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brà ¶nte voiced the radical opinions of Brà ¶nte on religion, gender, and social class. Jane Eyre, a young orphan who lived with her vituperative aunt and cousins, strayed away from the Victorian ideals of a woman and established a new status for herself. Jane Eyre was originally written in 1827 and was heavily influenced by the late gothic literature of the 19th century. Gothic literary aspects such as supernatural occurrences, mysteries and dark secrets, madness and dangerRead More Personification of Oppression in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1561 Words   |  7 Pagesin life, she often wonders to herself why she must endure her pain and why the people in her life always oppress her. When locked in the red room, she asks hersel f why she is always suffering, always browbeaten, always accused, forever condemned (Brontà « 46), and consequently answers herself that her treatment is unjust. This sudden realization instigated some strange expedient to achieve escape from insupportable oppression (47). Unfortunately, Jane can not escape oppression, but only alter itsRead MoreGothic Elements in Jane Eyre1465 Words   |  6 PagesSince that time, gothic literature has become a widespread influence. Some elements that are typically gothic include ancient prophecies, mystery and suspense, supernatural events, dreams and visions, violence, and a gloomy and desolate setting. Charlotte Bronte, the author of Jane Eyre, was greatly influenced by the gothic movement. This is obvious to anyone who has read her work. Jane Eyre, in particular, falls into the tradition of the late eighteenth and nineteenth century gothic novels. Gothic elementsRead More Importance of Setting in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Setting in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Jane Eyre is the main character in the novel Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte. The story takes place in the mid 1800’s in a variety of settings.   The first setting is Gateshead Hall, the second is Lowood School, the third is Thornfield Hall, followed by Moor House, and ending when Jane reaches Ferndean.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first place Jane stays is Gateshead Hall.   While at Gateshead, Jane is treated unfairly and is punished forRead MoreThe Significance of Jane Eyres Relationship With Helen Burns3273 Words   |  14 PagesThe Significance of Jane Eyres Relationship With Helen Burns Jane Eyre is a classical novel written in 1947 by Charlotte Bronte, who at the time was also known as Currer Bell. This timeless piece is based on the life of an orphaned girl named Jane Eyre who begins her life under the care of an Aunt, Mrs. Reed. Both Janes parents have died within only a year of her birth leaving Mrs. Reed with the responsibility of Janes well being. However, Mrs. Reeds treatment towardsRead MoreEssay on Janes Resilience to Events in Jane Eyre2576 Words   |  11 PagesJane Eyre The novel Jane Eyre was written by Charlotte Bronte in the 1840’s. Put simply, it is the story of a woman who began her life with nothing but aspired, against the odds, to gain recognition and a better social status. Moreover, it is about her ability to cope with situations and make decisions that affect her life and others. Through these qualities it is possible to describe her as a heroine. This essay will aim to show how Bronte conveys Jane’s resilience – her ability to copeRead MoreEnclosed Women3844 Words   |  16 Pageswives and mothers, but early feminist ideals had already begun to surface. Female authors such as Jane Austen and Charlotte Perkins Gilman lived chronologically and geographically distant lives, but both included in their work similar themes of enclosure, indicating that the enclosure motif is not merely coincidental. This motif can also be seen in works by Elizabeth Stoddard, Charlotte Bronte, Kate Chopin, and many others. Though the means of expressing themes of enclosure are different across authorsRead More Use of Attics in Literature Essay4376 Words   |  18 Pages The title of Gilbert and Gubers The Madwoman in the Attic has become so well known that the concept of there being many madwomen housed in attics has been taken for granted and reached almost the stature of myth. However, the only truly mad woman in an attic that Gilbert and Guber cite as evidence is Bertha Rochester in Jane Eyre. The others they refer to (and they cite only three) are the garret nun and Madam Walravens in dusty Vilette. Maggie Tulliver in George Eliots The Mill on the Floss

Argument in Favor of Legalizing Marijuana - 1277 Words

When comparing alcohol and marijuana which drug is more dangerous? According to statistics over 75,000 deaths in America are linked to alcohol. More than half these deaths are caused by alcohol poisoning. On the other hand marijuana cannot cause death from overdose due to being nontoxic. So why should marijuana remain illegal? Many think marijuana should remain illegal, but legalization would have much more advantages if it were legalized already. Legalization has plenty of benefits, but most ideas are shunned by the media, which only shows the cons of decriminalization. It can help out the economy, which is not doing so well at the moment. There would be a decrease in drug violence, and more room would be made in real criminals in†¦show more content†¦Overcrowding in our prisons is causing us to spend more on expanding our prisons, which can be pricey and could be easily avoided if marijuana was legal, we would spend more time on serious crimes and put real criminals behind bars. Saving money and time which can be used to help our economy. â€Å"They have projected prison savings between $1.4 million and $2.4 million a year if marijuana use was illegal without a doctor’s recommendation (Cooper, Wyatt).† Not only could legalizing marijuana make money from sales taxes, jails and prisons can save a significant amount of money by preventing these senseless crimes. Someone might think using recreational marijuana is a serious issue and not a senseless crime, but the issue we are having with our economy is more serious than someone just deciding to use the drug for their own personal reasons. Finally, what exactly is the difference between alcohol, tobacco and marijuana? People who strongly disagree with marijuana supporters say it is worse than alcohol or tobacco, most likely because they haven’t done research on the subject. In the short term effects on the brain are somewhat alike one another. Alcohol is an intoxicant that affects th e brain while under the influence and so does marijuana. Cigarettes can cause cancer because smoke inhaled into the lungs, sameShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1714 Words   |  7 PagesApril 2016 Drugs in the United States There has been controversy centered around the thought of legalizing drugs in the U.S and the effects of legalizing or not legalizing drugs. There are several drugs such as cocaine, heroin, opium, to name a few, with the most common being marijuana. The question raised on this topic is whether we should prohibit drug use, making it illegal or only allow marijuana to be legal. Discussions on this topic mention that drugs will be available in the market despiteRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1449 Words   |  6 PagesSince the first efforts to legalize marijuana in the 1960s, Americans have become progressively more accepting of requests to liberalize laws restricting possession and use of marijuana, but the shift has not been a straight line. After 11 states decriminalized marijuana possession in the 1970s, recoil led by suburban parents led too much harsher implementation of drug laws. But since California legalized medical marijuana in 1996, outlooks toward the drug have re laxed significantly.(A Brief HistoryRead MorePersuasive Essay On Legalizing Marijuana1746 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Can you imagine being just six-years-old and suffering from over three hundred violent seizures a week? From birth, Charlotte Figi suffered from a rare form of epilepsy, which caused these seizures. After trying everything to help Charlotte, her parents finally decided to try medical marijuana, and it worked! Charlotte still had seizures, but now, she had maybe two or three seizures a month instead of three hundred a week. Charlotte’s story and many similar stories, alongRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana Should Be Regulated987 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of marijuana in the United States used to be a rather taboo subject. The infamous slogans of â€Å"Just Say No† and â€Å"Reefer Madness† filled the ears of society and many listened. However, in recent years marijuana legalization has come to the forefront of politics, as more and more Americans are opening up to the idea of legalizing marijuana nation wide for medical and recreational purposes. With abou t half of adults in the United States in favor of legalizing marijuana it shows that this mayRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe argument of legalizing medicinal marijuana and marijuana used for recreational purposes has been around for quite some time now. Recreational use is when one smokes cannabis just for fun and with the intention of altering the state of consciousness while medicinal marijuana is used for treating certain maladies and alleviating their symptoms. Though marijuana use is not as harmless as many people seem to believe. Like any other drugs, marijuana can affect the body and mind and may have a majorityRead MoreLegalization of medical marijuana at the federal law Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesWhy should marijuana be legalized? Marijuana can be argued for different reasons. In my case I will be arguing the medical purposes for legalizing marijuana. Marijuana has positive features, and how people prefer using marijuana. Marijuana helps individuals get through a variety of things that they suffer. Marijuana provides relief from pain, rather than other medications out there. Many individuals prefer marijuana over anything else to relax. An argument on why people using marijuana spend moreRead MoreProp 19 Pros and Cons Essay594 Words   |  3 Pagessense control of marijuana, it will help stop wasting taxpayer dollars on failed marijuana prohibition. Controls and taxes marijuana like alcohol, and will only be available to adults. Adds criminal penalties for giving i to anyone under 21 years of age. weakens drug cartel and enforces road and workplace safety. It will generate billions in revenue, and save tax payers money. When marijuana is illegal, the government ends up spending unnecessary money just to jail illegal marijuana users. Some peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1393 Words   |  6 PagesTo understand the controversy about marijuana, it is helpful to first look at its history. Marijuana (or Cannabis as it was originally known) has been found as far back as the 3rd millennium BC in burial sites in Romania. Over the centuries it has been found to have been used for medicinal purposes in China and other countries, as well as for religious and spiritual ceremonies in many different countries. Cannabis was brought to America in the early years, grown as a crop, and used medicinallyRead MoreLegalizing Marijuan The Blunt Truth1461 Words   |  6 PagesLegalizing Marijuana:The Blunt Truth When we imagine the uses of marijuana, we see the dazed hippies of the 1960s and 70’s, but really the first written record of cannabis goes back to 2727 B.C. by Chinese Emperor Shen Nung and it has been dated through almost every historic time. Not only was cannabis used for recreational and medicinal properties, but hemp was also used for cloth and textiles, paper, soap and hygiene products, food, and even industrial products such as fuel. Marijuana is not justRead MoreThe Marijuana Policy Project And Republican Texas State Representative David Simpson2695 Words   |  11 PagesSince the paper has secured the historical backdrop of the issues and contentions about legitimizing marijuana, it will go more into insight about the issues and contentions by first outlining the persons supporting legalization. The general stakeholders include most recreational users, some police state officers and some farmers. The specific stake holders include the Drug policy Alliance, The Mariju ana Policy Project and Republican Texas state representative David Simpson. These organizations and representatives

Globalization and poverty free essay sample

To some level is refereed as globality in the field of global economics that is mostly characterized as interconnected market that is not hampered by national boundaries. On the other hand, poverty is defined as a condition a community or a person lacks the essential needs to enjoy a minimum standard of living in the society (Ruth 2004). Globalization, poverty is the interconnection of global and lack of basic needs that affect people cross the world. The global issues affecting developing countries that cut across the political, social, environmental and economic postulates. Globalization process For decades, the world increasingly interconnected via rocketing of trade and exchange of different cultures among different nations in the world. Majorly the main booster of globalization has been a massive production of goods between the developed countries and those in the third word catching up with the process. For instance the so called national firms are termed as multinational corporations all the as a result of globalization. The process of globalization critically is viewed to rise mainly because of the following reasons for the last century, Malnight (1992). This includes i. The Multi- Company operations globally it. The increase of international trade iii. Movement of goods , capital and services is standardized lv. Some companies like McDonalds and Starbucks have been recognized. v. The art of cultural change v. Academic exchange programmes that bring different races together. vii. International diplomacy among different world nations. However this process is still rising, some challenges are experienced by some nations and individuals. Either in business, economy and the emerging environmental issues that need to be addressed like the case of global warming, cyber crimes, trade embargos and weakening currency in some nations that clearly push for unavoidable poverty. Globalization and Imperialism history This process by many scholars approaches is viewed differently to some extent it is difficult to distinguish if it is a new form of imperialism that was seen in the past but now termed globalization. To crack the nut, imperialism is a complete dominance of state policies, power, acquiring of territories to gain politically and economically. Yet globalization is Just a process of connecting states to gain economically, power and cultural exchange. However, critically globalization is a renewed imperialism that has dominance without the use of power but diplomacy and trade. Countries that make the great eight nations globally have dominated the trade and military power that push up the poverty among the third world countries among the being them being the sub Saharan African. For instance among the great nations, their currency is superior and thus dominating the global market, Petras and Veltmeyer (2002). A arrel is sold in terms of dollars globally unlike any currency that feature in power and brutality to acquire or dominate people by oppressing is dated back five decades ago. This is not globalization but it has sourced for it is the origin. For instance Britain had colonies in Africa where it dominated and exploited to get natural resources and manpower in past centuries. This continued for decades until these states became independent democratically but ever dependant economically. The foreign aids, donations and military support clearly show global diplomacy unlike he imperialism in the past but with similarities in it. Imperialism was the most powerful force in history that was noted in the world, some continents like Africa were oppressed and their citizens. To some media, this act has been criticized and even seen as satanic as empires termed as commonwealths, colonies changed to be territories or at time dominions like Australia today. Change emerges as the dominated countries or states are represented internationally in global business Lehmann (2006). This is the act of globalization to let go the bad history of imperialism. Is globalization a new form of imperialism? The comparison between the two principles has raised different fierce disagreements by different scholars in the historical area of thought. US imperialism relationship to that of globalization is a challenging area to analyze mainly because of the two main reasons. First is the disagreement between different scholars them differing whether the United States is an imperialist in terms of power. The second part is if globalization and imperialism are progressive and what are the dangers they portray to the international society? Dating the protests that occurred among the Great 8 nations about the Iraq War at he summit, it indicated that imperialism and globalization are not confined to scholars views. The United States is a super power and to some extent its decisions cannot be questioned if its security is under threat or has something to gain from the targeted territory. To argue, the state of globalization if embraced is above the US imperialism synonym Appelbaum (2005) Concurrently, the most common definition of globalization is the deepening, widening and speeding up interstate interconnections worldwide. This includes all aspects of human life that is, spiritual, cultural and contemporary social life. From the extent of globalization, someone can question if globalization has contributed to global spreading of information? The ideas, movement of people and money. The contested concept types of globalization The term globalization in the larger sense is defined as the spread of political, economic and cultural values among different countries. To deepen the meaning by example, the products are designed in a country, manufacturing is done in the other country and the end products are sold to the other third country. This is through the international business navigation by individuals or governments. Via this example and explanation, globalization has been classified into different categories, Pablos (2011). i. Globalization of communication long before the introduction of phones, the passage of information from one place to the other was a big challenge. However as time has gone by, currently people are privileged to pass information from one part of the world to the other in a freak of a second. The introduction of phones, internet and cables that convey the information very first thus making the world a small place. Indeed globalization has shortened the distance between nations hence bout globalization in relation referring to economic globalization basically this happens in the multi-national corporations that do their business across borders Pablos (2011). When you buy a phone in manufactured in China and yet you are from Canada this shows a chain of global trade resulting from economic globalization.